Autor: Álvaro Augusto Sanabria-Rangel

DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.25058/1794600X.2467

The In Dubio Pro Natura has evolved as a separate principle from the precaution principle under environmental law. This article aims to analyse both the In Dubio Pro Natura principle and the precaution principle in the light of scientific evidence and state responsibility. The precaution principle applies as a general rule in cases in which there are potential risks of serious environmental damage irrespective of the existence of scientific certainty over the said risks. On the other hand, the In Dubio Pro Natura principle offers a higher degree of protection to the environment and their interests than the obligation to act with precaution since it is the basis for preferring the interpretation of norms that grants the highest degree of protection to the environment. The author of this article, argues that in scenarios in which state authorities have a higher degree of responsibility over the handling of a situation and could control the adverse effects of a threat to the environment, public health or sustainability, for instance in extractivist projects, the use of the In Dubio Pro Natura principle should be preferred. Conversely, this article examines the global fight against climate change and the setting of global goals in one hand and the potential risks new technologies may have over biodiversity on the other as two examples where the In Dubio Pro Natura principle cannot be applied. In the first case, there is scientific consensus over the urgency to address climate change. However, in spite of global commitments, the individual state responsibility and control over this course of action is weak. In the second scenario, the author refers to the regulation to the use of new technologies where national authorities exercise a higher degree of control in cases where there is not enough certainty over the risks posed to the environment or public health. In these cases, the precaution principle is preferred.

El principio In Dubio Pro Natura ha evolucionado como un principio separado del principio de precaución de acuerdo con el derecho ambiental. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar tanto el principio In Dubio Pro Natura como el principio de precaución bajo la luz de la evidencia científica y la responsabilidad estatal. El principio de precaución es aplicable como regla general en casos en que hay riesgos potenciales de un daño grave al ambiente independientemente de la existencia de certeza científica respecto a tales riesgos. Por otra parte, el principio In Dubio Pro Natura resulta más garantista para el medio ambiente y sus intereses que la obligación de actuar con precaución ya que este es el fundamento para preferir la interpretación de las normas que ofrezca el mayor grado de protección al ambiente. El autor de este artículo sostiene que en escenarios en los que las autoridades estatales tienen un mayor grado de responsabilidad respecto al manejo de una situación y puedan controlar los efectos negativos de una amenaza al ambiente, la salud pública o la sostenibilidad, por ejemplo, en el caso de proyectos extractivistas, el uso del principio In Dubio Pro Natura debe preferirse. Por el contrario, este artículo examina la lucha contra el cambio climático y el establecimiento de metas globales, por una parte, así como los riesgos potenciales que las nuevas tecnologías pueden tener sobre la biodiversidad, como dos ejemplos en los que el principio In Dubio Pro Natura no puede ser aplicado. En el primer caso, existe consenso científico sobre la urgencia de combatir el cambio climático. Sin embargo, pese a los compromisos globales, la responsabilidad estatal individual y el control sobre la línea de acción es débil. En el segundo escenario, el autor hace referencia a la regulación del uso de nuevas tecnologías sobre la cual existe un mayor control de las autoridades nacionales en casos en que no existe suficiente certeza respecto a los riesgos ambientales o a la salud pública que estas plantean. En estos casos se debe preferir el principio de precaución.

O princípio in dubio pro natura evoluiu como um princípio autônomo em relação ao princípio da precaução no direito ambiental. Este artigo visa analisar ambos os princípios sob a ótica das evidências científicas e da responsabilidade estatal. O princípio da precaução aplica-se como regra geral em casos onde há riscos potenciais de danos ambientais graves, independentemente da existência de certeza científica sobre tais riscos. Por outro lado, o princípio in dubio pro natura oferece um nível mais elevado de proteção ao meio ambiente, privilegiando a interpretação de normas que concedam a maior proteção possível aos interesses ambientais. O artigo argumenta que, em cenários onde as autoridades estatais têm maior responsabilidade na gestão de uma situação e podem controlar os efeitos adversos de uma ameaça ao meio ambiente, saúde pública ou sustentabilidade — como em projetos extrativistas —, o princípio in dubio pro natura deve ser priorizado. Por outro lado, o artigo examina dois exemplos em que esse princípio não pode ser aplicado: a luta global contra as mudanças climáticas e os riscos potenciais de novas tecnologias à biodiversidade. No primeiro caso, há consenso científico sobre a urgência de abordar a mudança climática, mas a responsabilidade e o controle individuais dos estados sobre as ações necessárias são fracos. No segundo caso, envolvendo a regulamentação do uso de novas tecnologias, as autoridades nacionais exercem maior controle, mas sem suficiente certeza sobre os riscos ao meio ambiente ou à saúde pública. Nesses casos é preferido o princípio da precaução.

Keywords: In Dubio Pro Natura, Precaution principle, environmental law, human rights, right to live in a healthy environment, scientific evidence, scientific certainty, environmental state responsibility, extractivism, climate change.

Palabras claves: In Dubio Pro Natura; Principio de precaución; derecho ambiental; derechos humanos; derecho a vivir en un ambiente sano; evidencia científica; certeza científica; responsabilidad estatal ambiental; extractivismo; cambio climático.

Palavras-chave: In dubio pro natura, princípio da precaução, direito ambiental, direitos humanos, direito a um meio ambiente saudável, evidência científica, certeza científica, responsabilidade ambiental do Estado, extrativismo, mudança climática.

Para citar este artículo:

Sanabria-Rangel, A. (2024). The in dubio pro natura principle in the light of scientific evidence: state responsibility. Revista Misión Jurídica, 17 (27), 207-221.


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